This pilot study is the starting point of a potentially broad research project aimed at identifying new strategies for assessing malingering during forensic evaluations. Participants: The forensic group was comprised of 67 males who were seeking some sort of certification (e.g. adoption, child custody, driver’s license, issuance of gun permits, etc.); the non-forensic group was comprised of 62 healthy male volunteers. Method: Each participant was administered the MMPI-2. Statistical analyses were conducted on obtained scores of 48 MMPI-2 scales. In the first step, parametric statistics were adopted to identify the best combination of MMPI-2 scales that differentiated the two groups of participants. In the second step, frequency-based, non-parametric methods were used for diagnos tic purposes. Results: a model that utilized the best three predictors (“7-Pt”, “L”, and “1-Hs”) was developed and used to calculate the ForensicEvaluation Dissimulation Index (FEDI), which features satisfactory diagnostic accuracy (0.9), sensitivity (0.82), specificity (0.81), and likelihood ratio indices (LR+=4.32; LR-=0.22).

A learning test procedure based on operant principles may be useful in the diagnosis (and eventually rehabilitation) of post-coma persons with minimal responsiveness. This study was aimed at extending the evaluation of such a procedure with seven participants who presented with very limited behavior and apparently severe disorders of consciousness. The procedure was evaluated through an ABACB design, in which A represented baseline phases without stimulation, B intervention phases with brief stimulation periods contingent on specific responses of the participants, and C a control phase in which stimulation was available all the time. Increased responding during the B phases, as opposed to the A and C phases, was taken to indicate learning and possibly a non-reflective expression of phenomenal consciousness. All participants were also evaluated with the coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R) prior to the start of the learning test procedure and at the end of it. The results of the learning test showed that all participants had significantly higher responding levels during the B phases. The CRS-R scores suggested minimally conscious state for four of them prior to the learning test and for five of them after the completion of the learning test. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of potential and time cost of the learning test

A technology-based program to promote independent choice behaviours by three children with cerebral palsy and multiple disabilities was assessed. The program was based on learning principles and assistive technology (i.e., customized input devices/sensors, personal computers, screening of preferred stimuli according to a binomial criterion). The first purpose of the present study was to provide the participants with a new set-up of assistive technology and to allow them to choose among three categories, (i.e., food, beverage and leisure) and to request a specific item out of four in each category, adopting a procedure that minimized (according to a conditional probability criterion) unintentional choices. The second aim of the study was to carry out the effects of the program on detectable mood signs (i.e., happiness index). The study was conducted according to an ABAB sequence with a subsequent post intervention check for each participant. The results showed an increase of engagement and of the happiness index during intervention phases. Psychological as well as educational implications were discussed.

In this study, bullying is examined in light of the “prosocial security hypothesis”— i.e., the hypothesis that insecure attachment, with temperamental dispositions such as sensation seeking, may foster individualistic, competitive value orientations and problem behaviors. A group of 375 Italian students (53% female; Mean age = 12.58, SD = 1.08) completed anonymous questionnaires regarding attachment security, social values, sensation seeking, and bullying behaviors. Path analysis showed that attachment to mother was negatively associated with bullying of others, both directly and through the mediating role of conservative socially oriented values, while attachment to father was directly associated with victimization. Sensation seeking predicted bullying of others and victimization both directly and through the mediating role of conservative socially oriented values. Adolescents’ gender affected how attachment moderated the relationship between sensation seeking and problem behavior.

A virtual version of the reorientation task was employed to test new behavioral measures of navigation strategies and spatial confidence within a gender-fair assessment approach. The results demonstrated that, from a behavioral point of view, women had lower level of spatial confidence than men regardless of level of accuracy. Moreover, the way men and women selected spatial strategies depended on the arrangement of spatial cues within the environment. In other terms women relied on landmarks under specific conditions compatible with an adaptive combination/associative model of spatial orientation. Finally, the present study emphasized the importance to assess gender differences taking into account specific affective variables and information selection processing, beyond accuracy.

The present study compared two different types of orientation strategies: an assistive technology program (AT, i.e., remotely controlled sound/light devices) and a backward chaining procedure (BC) for promoting indoor traveling in four persons with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). A social validation assessment of the two strategies was also conducted employing undergraduate students as raters. For three out of four participants, AT intervention was more effective than the BC procedure, whilst for the fourth participant the two types of intervention had a comparably satisfying efficacy. A doubly Multivariate Analysis of Variance on social validation assessment data provided generally more positive scores for the AT intervention. These results suggest that AT programs (a) can be valuably employed for restoring and maintaining independence in indoor traveling in people with moderate to severe AD, and (b) might be perceived as preferable to conventional teaching strategies within daily contexts.

The use of internet is modifying our way of acting, and also our way of thinking, involving a change in one’s image, the image of the others and our relationships. However, internet is a new instrument of communication but also a tool to commit crimes. As a matter of fact crimes committed on the internet may be considered as one of the main typical psychological paradox of the relation between the mind and the advanced information technologies: the possibility that the experience of a complete control of one’s life promoted by the use of the internet (for it is characterized by accessibility, cheapness, the possibility of alter one’s identity, wholeness, interactivity and standardisation), can evolve in a progressive and complete loss of control on the virtual experience, leading to commit a real crime. The potentialities of these new mode of communication are well known, as well as the even greater number of risks for young subjects who have a not jet structured, and still in growing, personality. Cyberbulling is an example of these concrete risks. The term indicates bulling facts and troubles made through e-mails, chats, blogs, mobiles and web sites. involves minors whose identity are forming. Current study analyses distinctive characteristics of cyberbulling, compared it with traditional bullying, and highlighting similarities and differences between these.

Gli esperti in ambito forense e medico-legale stabiliscono non solo la validità di quanto riferito ma anche la credibilità di chi lo riferisce. L’intera relazione tra il soggetto e lo specialista è influenzata da elementi che alterano la genuinità della diagnosi, es.: l'assetto stesso del valutatore; la natura coatta dell'esame; il peso esistenziale ed i vantaggi legati all’esito della valutazione stessa; la necessità che i risultati vengano comunicati a terzi; la tendenza dei soggetti valutati ad amplificare la desiderabilità sociale. In questo contesto la dissimulazione, intesa come occultamento o minimizzazione di una sindrome che di fatto sussiste, rappresenta un problema nel processo diagnostico, impattando sul numero di falsi negativi. Il dissimulatore è una persona che ha ben presente una verità e poi la nega, gestendo mentalmente due affermazioni contrapposte. Nei contesti come quello medicolegale e forense, dove il bisogno di dare sostanza alle proprie valutazioni è più sentito, bisogna far fronte ai limiti della soggettività e della sola osservazione clinica. L'ausilio di strumenti psicodiagnostici è pertanto irrinunciabile ed ampiamente effettuato. Il test MMPI-2 appare il principale strumento che, ancora oggi, dimostra di possedere indici in grado di individuare atteggiamenti dissimulatori nei soggetti esaminati. Il comportamento "menzoniero" è accompagnato da elementi verbali e non verbali, segni e indizi paralinguistici meta comunicativi. Tra i comportamenti non verbali rivelatori di probabile menzogna sembra rivestire un ruolo interessante il fattore “tempo di latenza” . Gli autori, partendo dall'ipotesi che sia plausibile aspettarsi tanto nei simulatori quanto nei dissimulatori, un allungamento dei tempi di risposta (T.R.) connesso ad una maggiore "gestione mentale dell'informazione" da manipolare, hanno cercato di verificare quanto il calcolo dei T.R. applicato all’MMPI-2, rappresenti un'ulteriore fonte di informazione nell’identificare l'adozione di un atteggiamento dissimulatorio. Lo studio ha visto l'applicazione di una versione computerizzata dell'MMPI-2 costruita ad hoc capace di calcolare automaticamente i tempi di risposta, ad un campione di 59 maschi e 17 femmine suddivisi in 4 gruppi in base alla motivazione soggiacente l'accertamento medicolegale: idoneità lavorativa, genitoriale, per la patente di guida e per il porto d'armi. Il gruppo di controllo era rappresentato da volontari, clinicamente sani, non condizionati da interessi secondari nella compilazione del test, bilanciati e controllati per numerosità, età e scolarità. La validità dei T.R. è stata valutata attraverso il test statistico t di Student, confrontando i singoli gruppi sperimentali ed i rispettivi gruppi di controllo, osservandone la significatività statistica delle differenze tra le medie dei tempi a tutte le scale di controllo, cliniche, di contenuto e supplementari dell'MMPI-2 e rispetto al tempo totale di compilazione del protocollo. Le prime risultanze mostrano come la distribuzione del tempo medio di risposta si differenzi tra i soggetti sperimentali e controlli proprio in relazione a quelle scale che analizzano dei costrutti psicologici, clinici e comportamentali, inerenti gli ambiti oggetto delle valutazioni. I risultati preliminari di questo filone di ricerca appaiono incoraggianti e motivano ad un ampliamento del campione per aumentarne la significatività statistica.

Objective: to investigate social sharing among 40 parents (20 couples) of hospitalized premature newborns, the social network of addressees with whom they shared their experience, the perceived benefits of this activity and the sources of individual differences. Methods: emotional reaction and attachment status were assessed within seven days and between 30 and 45 days from birth, respectively. At three months of infant's corrected age, parents completed a self-report assessing retrospectively their social sharing. Results: over 80% of the parents felt the need to share the event and actually did within one week; one's own partner was the most preferred addressee. The extent of father's social sharing was mainly related to the newborn's medical risk, while mother's to her own emotional reaction. Guilt and anger were found to lengthen the latency of sharing in mothers and fathers, respectively. Secure attachment status, compared to insecure ones, was found to be the most effective in promoting social sharing. Conclusions: These findings help to understand why parents differ from each other in their use of social support in the NICU; from a practical standpoint, they highlight important factors which require attention when implementing intervention program in the NICU directed to parents of premature newborns.

Purpose: This paper provides a brief overview of the intervention strategies aimed at reducing spatial orientation disorders in elderly people with dementia. Methods: Eight experimental studies using spatial cues, assistive technology programs, reality orientation training, errorless learning technique, and backward chaining programs are described. They can be classified into two main approaches: restorative and compensatory, depending on whether they rely or not on residual learning ability, respectively. Results: A review of the efficacy of these intervention strategies is proposed. Results suggest that both compensatory and restorative approaches may be valuable in enhancing correct way-finding behavior, with various degrees of effectiveness. Some issues concerning (a) variability in participants’ characteristics and experimental designs, and (b) practicality of intervention strategies do not permit to draw a definite conclusion. Conclusions: Future research should be aimed at a direct comparison between these two strategies, and should incorporate an extensive neuropsychological assessment of spatial domain.

Intonation can convey information about how lists are structured into groups, as well as about specific item positions within a group. In Bari Italian, this function is expressed by three different tunes a) a rising contour, signalling that the list has not yet been completed; b) a high-rising contour, marking the penultimate item, i.e. signalling that the end of the list is approaching; c) a falling contour, marking the last item, i.e. cueing the end of the sequence. In this paper we explore the effects of such intonational information on working memory. In particular, we demonstrate that when listeners are requested to recall spoken nine-digit sequences by strictly following their serial order, their performance is significantly better when lists are characterised by tunes of the type described above, compared to sequences whose items are marked by a neutral, peak accent and/or are grouped by inserting a silent pause. We also observed that recall of items marked by specific contours at positions 3, 6 and 9 is particularly enhanced at these positions, whereas in sequences also containing intonational cues to items in penultimate position (2, 5 and 8) recall of those items is not equally improved. Therefore, it appears that in serial recall of spoken sequences, even when a large number of specific intonational cues to serial positions are available, listeners can use only a selection of them.

Introduction: The “motherhood constellation” has been conceptualized by Daniel Stern as a new psychic organization emerging in the mother with or even before the birth of a baby. Despite the great clinical and theoretical importance of this construct, particularly in implementing early intervention programs on mother’s dysfunctional representations, little empirical research has been conducted on it. The lack of empirical research may be at least partially due to a lack of reliable instruments for the assessment of motherhood constellation themes. The aim of this study was to develop a self-report inventory of the motherhood constellation in pregnancy (Motherhood Constellation Inventory, MCI), and to assess its psychometric properties. Method: The MCI is a 12-item, 4-subscales self-report designed to assess the four motherhood constellation themes postulated by Stern (life/growth, primary relatedness, supporting matrix, and identity reorganization). The participants of the study were 257 pregnant women, who were administered a set of instruments including the MCI, an information form, the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) e the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results: The MCI showed good psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity. The four extracted factors showed a suitable structure matching conceptually the four motherhood constellation themes. All of the scales correlated with the mater nal-fetal attachment, and, apart from primary relatedness, with state/trait anxiety and depression. Moreover, the regression analyses indicate that the MCI as a whole is more predictive of anxiety and depression than MFAS. Conclusion: This study emphasized the importance of the concept of motherhood constellation in assessing and understanding the fears and concerns that emerged during pregnancy. In this regard, the MCI represents a useful and practical instrument for screening and preventing dysfunctional representations in pregnancy and early disorders of the mother-infant relationship.

This research aims to reconsider and support the use of spatial tasks based on familiar geographical information in the neuropsychological assessment of topographical (dis)orientation. Performance on two spatial tasks based on familiar information -l andmark positioning on a map and map of Italy - were compared in two studies assessing allocentric orientation among young and healthy elderly with different levels of education (Study 1) and elderly with and without probable cognitive impairment (Study 2). Results from Study 1 showed that the map of Italy task was affected by education, while the landmark positioning on a map was not. Results of Study 2 showed that both tasks were sensitive to different levels of cognitive functioning in a sample of community-dwelling seniors. Overall, spatial tasks based on mental representation of the hometown environment may be an important supplement in the assessment of allocentric topographical disorientation, discriminating typical from atypical aging.

This study assessed whether three patients with Alzheimer’s disease could learn to use a basic orientation technology to reach different rooms within a day center. At each travel instance, the technology provided verbal messages (cues) from the room to reach. For the first two patients, the messages were presented at intervals of about 15 s. For the third patient (who had more extensive orientation problems), shorter intervals combined with the voice of the research assistant were initially used. Results showed that all three patients were successful in using the technology to orient their travel and find the rooms correctly. A social validation assessment, in which university psychology students were asked to rate the patients’ travel performance with the technology and with the help of a caregiver, provided generally higher (more positive) scores for the technology-assisted performance. The implications of the findings for daily programs of patients with Alzheimer’s disease are discussed.

This study assessed whether three patients with Alzheimer’s disease could learn to use urine alarms and caregivers’ prompts to eliminate large urinary accidents. As soon as the patient began to release urine, the alarm system presented auditory and vibratory signals. In relation to those signals, the caregiver would prompt/encourage the patient to stop urinating and accompany him or her to the toilet to void. After urination, the caregiver provided the patient positive social attention. The results of the intervention showed that the use of the alarm system and caregivers’ prompts was effective in helping the three patients reduce their large urinary accidents to zero or near zero levels. Self-initiated toileting, which was minimal during baseline, accounted for nearly 35%, 50% and 75% of the patients’ toileting occasions during the intervention. Fifty-two caregivers, who participated in a social validation assessment of toileting approaches relying on alarm systems or timed toileting, seemed to find the former preferable for the patients, for the context, as well as for themselves. The implications of the findings for daily programs of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias are discussed.

Aim: this review aims to identify the variables predicting dropout in the treatment of Pathological Gambling (GAP). Materials and Methods: the review identified and collected from the main international databases, 14 studies from 2007 to 2013 involving gamblers undergoing cognitive-behavioral treatment. Results: the mean rate of treatment dropout was found at 36.5%. Variables considered in the various studies as predicting dropout were: sociodemographic and psychological characteristics related to gambling and treatment. The most significant variables in predicting dropout were found to be the psychological variables (i.e. impulsivity, sensitivity to punishment, lack in executive functions). Conclusion: this review emphasizes the role of individual differences on therapeutic outcome and suggests to adopt a clear definition of predictors in order to improve therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing the risk of dropout

Il presente volume si schiude a saperi del settore pedagogico, psicologico, sociologico, filosofico, storico-geografico e linguistico-letterario e sanitario che rappresentano i tre grandi filoni dell’attuale Facoltà di Scienze della formazione: scienze dell’educazione e della formazione, scienze della comunicazione, scienze e tecniche psicologiche e, con un respiro più tipicamente interdisciplinare, il corso di laurea a ciclo unico sulla formazione primaria.

Il presente volume si schiude a saperi del settore pedagogico, psicologico, sociologico, filosofico, storico-geografico e linguistico-letterario e sanitario che rappresentano i tre grandi filoni dell’attuale Facoltà di Scienze della formazione: scienze dell’educazione e della formazione, scienze della comunicazione, scienze e tecniche psicologiche e, con un respiro più tipicamente interdisciplinare, il corso di laurea a ciclo unico sulla formazione primaria.

Two experiments investigate how people create spatial mental models (SMMs) as a function of presentation format. Spatial representations following a route within a virtual environment (visual) and an auditory description (verbal) were compared. Moreover, a dual-task procedure was adopted to depict the role of working memory (WM) components in such a task. Two testing formats were examined in both experiments: sentence verification (verbal) and sketch map (visual) tasks. This study shows that both presentations lead to adequate spatial representation. Nonetheless, SMMs are not presentation free. They are built by virtual presentation with a contribution of visuo-spatial WM. An involvement of verbal WM emerged while encoding spatial information from both verbal and virtual presentation. Congruency between presentation and testing formats slightly reduces the gap between verbal and virtual presentation. SMMs appear to be affected by the interaction of presentation and testing format as well as by the WM availability.

The present study is aimed to assess the efficacy of a computer-based alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) program, for two children with cerebral palsy and multiple disabilities. Results show that both participants increase their communication skills during intervention and post-intervention phases. Undergraduate students involved as raters in a social validation procedure provide scores that are compatible with the hypothesis of rehabilitation worth of the intervention. These results support the clinical validity of the computer-mediate AAC intervention for children with multiple/profound disabilities.

The present study (a) extended the assessment of an orientation program involving auditory cues (i.e., verbal messages automatically presented from the destinations) with five patients with Alzheimer’s disease, (b) compared the effects of this programwith those of a program with light cues (i.e., a program in which strobe lights were used instead of the verbal messages) with the same five patients, and (c) conducted a social validation assessment of the two programs with 70 university psychology students employed as social raters. Results confirmed the effectiveness of the program with auditory cues and showed an equally strong impact of the program with light cues with all five patients. The psychology students involved in the social validation assessment provided significantly higher scores for the program involving light cues on a six-item questionnaire. Those scores suggested that this program was perceived as a practically and socially preferable choice. The implications of the findings for daily contexts dealing with patients with Alzheimer’s disease are discussed.

In the course of their work, experts in the field of forensics must evaluate not only the validity of what has been reported to them, but also the validity of who does the reporting. The entire relationship between subject and forensic science specialist is influenced by a series of elements that may alter the genuineness of a diagnosis (e.g. the examiner’s style; the rigid and constrictive nature of the exam; the repercussions of the outcomes of the exam; the need for the results to be reported to a third party; and the tendency of evaluated subjects to dissemble. Concealment of a syndrome represents a problem in the diagnostic process that results in an increase of false positives. A dissembler is a person who is well aware of the truth, but denies it by mentally managing two conflicting affirmations. In the field of legal medicine and forensics it is necessary to face up to the limits of subjectivity and clinical observations. The use of psychodiagnostic instruments, in these cases, appears to be indispensible. The MMPI-2 test is the principal instrument possessing indices that are able to root out concealing behaviors in subjects who are being examined “Lying and concealing” behaviors are accompanied by verbal and non-verbal elements, including such paralinguistic clues as body language. “The latency period” plays a particularly interesting role among the various forms of non-verbal behavior, and is often considered to be a non-verbal sign that the subject is probably lying . Beginning with the hypothesis that one can expect a longer response time by dissemblers because of their need to “manage mental information”, the goal was set to verify potential information in connection to response times on the MMPI-2 test items as an instrument that can identify concealing behaviors. This study was conducted using the computerized version of the MMPI-2, which is able to automatically calculate response times. Fifty-nine males and 17 females were enlisted and subdivided into four groups based on the reasons for which they underwent legal medical assessment: candidate for a driver’s license; suitability to carry a firearm; appropriateness for a particular job; and fitness to be a parent. These subjects were compared to a control group made up of voluntary subjects deemed to be clinically healthy and not influenced by ulterior advantages or interests regarding the completion of the test. This group was controlled for number, age, and level of education. The usefulness of response times in identifying “dissemblers” from the control gro

The development and diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies has resulted in a profound change in the way in which we learn, we relate to others and build their identity. Internet and social media are tools and contexts to improve knowledge and skills but also put themselves at risk to get involved in violent and aggressive interactions relationships as in the case of cyber bullying. The Cyberbullying refers to aggressive behavior, intentional deployed by one or more individuals, using electronic means, repetitively and continuously against a person who can not easily oppose (Smith et al., 2008). The study aims to assess the prevalence of bullying and cyberbullying and to deepen the effect of the Internet and the use of technological communication tools on the quality of relationships among adolescents. The sample is a group of 85 students aged between 10 and 13 years. The results confirm both the spread of bullying and cyber bullying that relations between these two phenomena. Moreover, it appears that only in particular conditions, technological means of communication and internet increase the risk of involvement in aggressive interactions.

In ambito forense usare strumenti che consentano l’individuazione di casi in cui è presente una minimizzazione della patologia può costituire un significativo contributo per l’accertamento della validità dei risultati acquisiti e per stabilire la credibilità di quanto viene riportato dai soggetti esaminati. Il test MMPI-2 è uno dei pochi strumenti psicodiagnostici che consente l’individuazione di condotte distorsive. Il primo obiettivo di questo lavoro di ricerca è presentare gli esiti del tentativo di individuare condotte di dissimulazione tramite l'adozione di indici ricavati non da singoli item, ma dal confronto relativo a tutte le intere scale dello strumento. Un secondo obiettivo è mettere a punto un nuovo indice di dissimulazione in grado di fornire una indicazione ancora più affidabile sulla probabilità di dissimulazione da parte del valutando se confrontato con alcuni consueti indici di dissimulazione all'MMPI-2. Il Campione sperimentale è composto da 67 soggetti maschi, potenziali dissimulatori in quanto interessati a risultare sani in vista dell’ottenimento di un certificato di idoneità al lavoro, al porto d’armi, alla patente di guida o all’adozione, presso la Clinica Psichiatrica e la Sezione di Criminologia e Psichiatria forense del Policlinico di Bari, e 2 Consultori Familiari afferenti all'Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Bari. Campione di controllo: 62 soggetti maschi, volontari, clinicamente sani Per quanto riguarda i risultati preliminari: Delle 48 scale prese in considerazione, 28 hanno soddisfatto il criterio di significatività p=0,001, differenziando il gruppo sperimentale da quello di controllo. Per ridurre la ridondanza di eventuali scale altamente correlate tra loro sono state eseguite 28 regressioni multiple standard ognuna con una delle 28 scale come criterio e le altre 27 come predittori. Sono state selezionate le 20 scale che ottenevano un valore di Square Multiple Correlation minore o uguale 0.20. Queste 20 scale sono state poi inserite in un modello di analisi discriminante stepwise forward preliminare. Dall'analisi emerge che il miglior indicatore sul piano della discriminazione tra campione di controllo e sperimentale è la scala Pt, seguita da L e da Hs e da altre sei variabili. E’ stato anche calcolato un nuovo indice per la dissimulazione in ambito forense, la Forensic Evaluation Dissimulation Index. L’indice FEDI ha soddisfacenti indici di Sensibilità (0.82), Specificità (0.81), Likelihood ratio positivo (4.32) e negativo (0.22), poteri predittivi positivo (0.81) e negativo (0.82). Questo lavoro di ricerca pone le basi di un più ampio progetto di ricerca volto all’identificazione di innovative e valide strategia per l’accertamento di condotte distorsive nell’ambito di valutazioni forensi. L’analisi dei dati evidenzia un modello a tre predittori (PT, L e HS) in grado di riclassificare la quasi totalità dei partecipanti ammessi a visita (97%) e quasi il 63% dei partecipanti di controllo. Una seconda metodologia può basarsi sul superamento di un valore soglia. Il Forensic Evaluation Dissimulation Index (FEDI), presenta soddisfacenti indici di sensibilità, specificità e Likelihood Ratio e sembra di semplice utilizzazione ottenendo sempre risultati decisamente migliori rispetto ad altre scale ed indici con simili caratteristiche. L’indice FEDI oltre a presentare un alto livello di accuratezza diagnostica (0.90), risulta un indice maneggevole e spendibile in diversi ambiti.