The study of ecological services (ESs) is fast becoming a cornerstone of mainstream ecology, largely because they provide a useful means of linking functioning to societal benefits in complex systems by connecting different organizational levels. In order to identify the main challenges facing current and future ES research, we analyzed the effects of the publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005) on different disciplines. Within a set of topics framed around concepts embedded within the MEA, each co-author identified five key research challenges and, where feasible, suggested possible solutions. Concepts included those related to specific service types (i.e. provisioning, supporting, regulating, cultural, aesthetic services) as well as more synthetic issues spanning the natural and social sciences, which often linked a wide range of disciplines, as was the case for the application of network theory. By merging similar responses, and removing some of the narrower suggestions from our sample pool, we distilled the key challenges into a smaller subset. We review some of the historical context to the MEA and identify some of the broader scientific and philosophical issues that still permeate discourse in this field. Finally, we consider where the greatest advances are most likely to be made in the next decade and beyond.

The metabolomic profile of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) captured in the Acquatina lagoon (SE Italy) was compared to an autochthonous (Eriphia verrucosa) and to a commercial crab species (Cancer pagurus). Both lipid and aqueous extracts of raw claw muscle were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MVA (multivariate data analysis). Aqueous extracts were characterized by a higher inter-specific discriminating power compared to lipid fractions. Specifically, higher levels of glutamate, alanine and glycine characterized the aqueous extract of C. sapidus, while homarine, lactate, betaine and taurine characterized E. verrucosa and C. pagurus. On the other hand, only the signals of monounsaturated fatty acids distinguished the lipid profiles of the three crab species. These results support the commercial exploitation and the integration of the blue crab in human diet of European countries as an healthy and valuable seafood

1. New patterns and trends in land use are becoming increasingly evident in Europe’s heavily modified landscape and else whereas sustainable agriculture and nature restoration are developed as viable long-term alternatives to intensively farmed arable land. The success of these changes depends on how soil biodiversity and processes respond to changes in management. To improve our understanding of the community structure and ecosystem functioning of the soil biota, we analyzed abiotic variables across 200 sites, and biological variables across 170 sites in The Netherlands, one of the most intensively farmed countries. The data were derived from the Dutch Soil Quality Network (DSQN), a long-term monitoring framework designed to obtain ecological insight into soil types (STs) and ecosystem types (ETs). 2. At the outset we describe STs and biota, and we estimate the contribution of various groups to the provision of ecosystem services. We focused on interactive effects of soil properties on community patterns and ecosystem functioning using food web models. Ecologists analyze soil food webs by means of mechanistic and statistical modelling, linking network structure to energy flow and elemental dynamics commonly based on allometric scaling. 3. We also explored how predatory and metabolic processes are constrained by body size, diet and metabolic type, and how these constraints govern the interactions within and between trophic groups. In particular, we focused on how elemental fluxes determine the strengths of ecological interactions, and the resulting ecosystem services, in terms of sustenance of soil fertility. 4. We discuss data mining, food web visualizations, and an appropriate categorical way to capture subtle interrelationships within the DSQN dataset. Sampled metazoans were used to provide an overview of belowground processes and influences of land use. Unlike most studies to date we used data from the entire size spectrum, across 15 orders of magnitude, using body size as a continuous trait crucial for understanding ecological services. 5. Multimodality in the frequency distributions of body size represents a performance filter that acts as a buffer to environmental change. Large differences in the body-size distributions across ETs and STs were evident. Most observed trends support the hypothesis that the direct influence of ecological stoichiometry on the soil biota as an independent predictor (e.g. in the form of nutrient to carbon ratios), and consequently on the allometric scaling, is more dominant than either ET or ST. This provides opportunities to develop a mechanistic and physiologically oriented model for the distribution of species’ body sizes, where responses of invertebrates can be predicted. 6. Our results highlight the different roles that organisms play in a number of key ecosystemservices. Such a trait-based research has unique strengths in its rigorous formulation of fundamental scaling rules, as well as in its verifiability by empirical data. Nonetheless, it still has weaknesses that remain to be addressed, like the consequences of intraspecific size variation, the high degree of omnivory, and a possibly inaccurate assignment to trophic groups. 7. Studying the extent to which nutrient levels influence multitrophic interactions and how different land-use regimes affect soil biodiversity is clearly a fruitful area for future research to develop predictive models for soil ecosystem services under different management regimes. No similar efforts have been attempted previously for soil food webs, and our dataset has the potential to test and further verify its usefulness at an unprecedented space scale.

In recent decades, the analysis of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur stable isotopes (SIA) has emerged as a powerful, viable methodology for examining food web structure and dynamics, as well as addressing a number of applied issues. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the use of SIA for assessing anthropogenic pressures on natural ecosystems, in order to establish current knowledge gaps and identify promising applications for evaluating the ecological status of marine coastal waters. Specifically, the potential of SIA to provide food web-scale indicators for estimating cumulative anthropogenic pressures is addressed. The review indicates that the methodology has been used for virtually the whole spectrum of human pressures known to influence marine ecosystems. However, only the effects of chemical pollution, release of dissolved and particulate nutrients, and invasive species have been extensively investigated. For the first two pressures, substantial efforts have been made to implement isotopic quantitative approaches and metrics for inter-system comparisons; however, with the exception of nutrient release, the majority of aquatic studies have been carried out in freshwater systems, and only limited information is available on marine environments. In particular, the effects of invasive species on coastal habitats have received scant attention. Trophic position of indicator species emerges as the isotopic metric most ubiquitously adopted for measuring the impact of anthropogenic pressures. Conversely, the application of other recently implemented metrics, proven to be highly effective in integrating information on the spatial-temporal dynamics of aquatic food webs, is to date still limited. The potential of stable isotope analysis to provide a unifying methodological-theoretical framework for effective, inter-ecosystem comparisons of both single and multiple anthropogenic pressures is emphasised. Additionally, a plea for the implementation and intercalibration of community-scale isotopic metrics is made, in order to provide useful tools and indicators for current and future environmental legislative initiatives

In invertebrate biomonitors of chemical pollution, emphasis has been generally given to mean accumulation patterns and how they reflect varying environmental levels of contamination. Intra-population variability, and how it relates with individual phenotypic traits, has received less attention. Here, a set of analytes including trace elements (B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn), macroelements (C, Ca, K, Mg, N, Na), and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) was measured in two populations of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii fromLake Trasimeno and Lake Bolsena (Central Italy). The influence of location, sex, body size, and condition factor was assessed; in addition, the analyte correlation profiles of the two populations were compared to verify their congruence. In general, significant inter-lake differences were observed in the concentration of both trace- and macroelements in crayfish tissues, generally mirroring the local chemistry of water and of benthic non-living matrices (sediment and plant detritus). Crayfish CN isotopic signatures excluded the occurrence of inter-lake variations in their omnivorous trophic habits. Correlation profiles varied considerably between the two populations in the nature and strength of bivariate relationships. However, Mantel tests and procrustean analyses indicated a general, significant congruence; C, N, and, to a lesser extent K, Li, Ni, Pb, and δ13C showed the highest procrustean residuals, suggesting that their associations with other analytes may be partially influenced by inter-population differences in growing phases. Our study indicates that the local geochemistry of the lacustrine environment influences the elemental fingerprint of Procambarus clarkii; the considerable inter-individual variability in the concentration of analytes, however, does not significantly reflect on their association, thus corroborating its effectiveness as an indicator species.

A quantitative study of the movement behaviour of the brackish isopod Lekanesphaera hookeri was performed. Isopods were collected in late spring 2007 from an Italian lagoon and held in the laboratory under temperature-controlled conditions. We used a real-time video acquisition system to measure in resource-free arenas the mean step length, total path length, average movement speed and movement complexity of individuals characterised by a 10-fold difference in body mass. The fractal dimension D was used as a tortuosity index to estimate the complexity of the movement trajectory. No significant size-related patterns were observed for the mean step length, total path length and average movement speed of the sphaeromatids. Conversely, fractal D values varied negatively with the body mass of specimens according to a power law. Our findings indicate that L. hookeri is characterised by a size-related shift in movement behaviour, occurring independently from the availability of resources in the surrounding environment. The implications of size-related changes in movement complexity are discussed in the context of current metabolic theories

The movement behaviour of individuals has long been acknowledged as a key determinant of species distribution in space and time. Information on benthic macroinvertebrates from aquatic habitats are still scant, however, and for polar species are virtually nonexistent. Here, the influence of body size on the movement behaviour of the arctic notostracan Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas) was examined under resource-free laboratory conditions. The mean step length, total path length and average speed were determined for specimens varying in body dry mass by six orders of magnitude. The scale-independent fractal dimension D was used to quantify movement path tortuosity. Among the different movement metrics considered, the body size of specimens scaled significantly only with path tortuosity; specifically, a negative relationship with a breakpoint was observed between individual body masses and the D values of the respective movement paths. The results are discussed considering similar results obtained for benthic crustaceans from temperate habitats. Additionally, their implications for future investigations explicitly considering temperature effects on movement behaviour are briefly considered.

The proximate composition and element contents of claw muscle tissue of Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) were compared with the native warty crab (Eriphia verrucosa) and the commercially edible crab (Cancer pagurus). The scope of the analysis was to profile the chemical characteristics and nutritive value of the three crab species. Elemental fingerprints showed significant inter-specific differences, whereas non-significant variations in the moisture and ash contents were observed. In the blue crab, protein content was significantly lower than in the other two species, while its carbon content resulted lower than that characterizing only the warty crab. Among micro-elements, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, and Pb showed extremely low concentrations and negligible among-species differences. Significant inter-specific differences were observed for Na, Sr, V, Ba, Cd and Zn; in particular, cadmium and zinc were characterized in the blue crab by concentrations significantly lower than in the other two species. The analysis of the available literature on the three species indicated a general lack of comparable information on their elemental composition. The need to implement extended elemental fingerprinting techniques for shellfish quality assessment is discussed, in view of other complementary profiling methods such as NMR-based metabolomics.

We examine the potential of trait-based parameters of taxa for linking above- and below-groundecologicalnetworks (hereafter ‘green’and‘brown’ worlds) tounderstandand predict community dynamics. This synthesis considers carbon, nitrogen and phosphorusrelated traits, the abundance of component species and their size distribution across trophic levels under different forms of management.We have analysed existing and novel databases on plants, microbes and invertebrates that combine physico-chemical and biological information from(agro)ecosystems spanning the globe.We found (1) evidence that traits from above- and below-ground systems may be integrated in the same model and (2) a much greater than expected stoichiometric plasticity of plants and microbes which has implications for the entire food-webmass–abundance scaling. Nitrogen and phosphorus are primary basal resources (hence, drivers) and more retranslocation of P than of N from leaves will lead to higher N:P in the litter and soil organic matter. Thus, under nutrient-rich conditions, higher foliar concentrations ofNand P are reflected by lowerN:P in the brown litter, suggesting less P retranslocated than N. This apparent stoichiometric dichotomy between green and brown could result in shifts in threshold elemental ratios critical for ecosystem functioning. It has important implications for a general food-web model, given that resource C:N:P ratios are generally assumed to reflect environmental C: N:P ratios. We also provide the first evidence for large-scale allometric changes according to the stoichiometry of agroecosystems. Finally,we discuss insights that can be gained from integrating carbon and nitrogen isotope data into trait-based approaches, and address the origin of changes in D13C and D15N fractionation values in relation to consumer–resource body-mass ratios

We investigated the influence of different electrofishing methods on allometric scaling features of fish assemblages in lotic environments. The ultimate aimwas to elucidate to which extent the structure of fish assemblages is predictable by the three-quarter power law theory. Water bodies across the state of Ohio, USA, provided a suitable data set to analyze the size–biomass spectra of 2051 fish assemblages. For the first time, 41,070 allometric field observations were screened according to sampling methods (i.e., longline, tote barge, boat) adopted for sampling collection. Allometric patterns varied considerably in relation with the sampling method, in turn imposed by the local hydrology and morphology of the investigated water courses, as shown by the lowering of scalings from boatable to wadeable systems. There are several lines of evidence indicating that the chosen type of electrofishing acts as a pitfall for size spectra. Using individually weighted body-mass values as independent predictor of spectrawe show that the specific sampling methodology required by the physical characteristics of different lotic habitats influence the allometric outcomes, a novel result that makes universality of community power laws not as straightforward as supposed until now.

FishBase, a relational database freely available on the Internet, is to date widely used as a source of quantitative information on the trophic position of marine fish species. Here, we compared FishBase estimates for an assemblage of 30 fish species sampled in a Mediterranean lagoon (Acquatina lagoon, SE Italy) with their trophic positions calculated using nitrogen stable isotopes. To assess the influence of the trophic level used to compute the baseline indicator on the robustness of isotopic estimations, we compared the trophic position of fish calculated using the average delta N-15 signature of either basal resource or primary consumer taxa measured at three stations located in the lagoon in July and November 2007. In general, basal resources showed negligible among-station and inter-season variations in their delta N-15 values; however, they were characterized by a high inter-specific heterogeneity, with signatures varying by approximately 10 per mil units. In contrast, whereas primary consumer signatures showed significant spatial and temporal variations, they were characterized by a lower inter-specific variability. Fish trophic positions estimated using primary consumers as the isotopic baseline were highly correlated with values provided by FishBase, independently from whether the latter were calculated on either diet data or individual prey items. Conversely, estimations using a basal resources as the baseline indicator were significantly less correlated with FishBase estimates. The present study emphasized the crucial importance played by inter-specific variability in baseline taxa signatures for a robust assessment of fish trophic position, and confirmed primary consumers as the best candidate for baseline estimation. In addition, our results indicate that, notwithstanding the limitations characterizing the data provided in FishBase, they represent an adequate source of information on the trophic ecology of fish

Top-down trophic cascades are well known in many autotrophic systems, yet their role in heterotrophic food webs is less clear. We collated data from 78 investigations and applied meta-analysis to evaluate the strength of detrital trophic cascades in freshwater and terrestrial food webs. Predators exerted significant, indirect controls on detrital resources, in line with theoretical predictions, whereas this was not the case for omnivores, suggesting that detritivory prevailed over predation and disrupted trophic cascades. Significant relationships were observed for both types of consumer in terms of their responses to detrital quality: specifically, unimodal curves across C:N and N:P gradients were the best fits for predators, whilst cascade strength responses to detrital quality were saddle shaped. These insights suggest that while predatory strategy is determining cascades within detrital-based systems, resource quality has bottom-up role effects on predators and on preferential consumption by omnivores. As such, these environmental responses seem to mirror some provisioning and supporting services; our findings are discussed within conceptual frameworks related to ecological stoichiometry and ecosystem services.

1 - The accurate evaluation of benthic macroinvertebrate taxonomic diversity in transitional water ecosystems is strictly related to sampling effort and, usually, biomonitoring protocols define the sampling effort needed to the elaboration of a specific ecological indicator. The time-lag between the sampling event and the final assessment of ecological status, and to overall costs for sampling, personnel and sample treatment suggest a reduction of sampling effort. 2 - How to simplify methods and to reduce efforts without compromising the ecological validity of taxonomic diversity indicators is a topic recurrently debated in the procedures for sampling protocol implementation. Regarding this topic, the identification of optimal sample unit size (SUS) and sieve mesh size (SMS) is still lacking, mainly for benthic macroinvertebrates of Mediterranean transitional water ecosystems. 3 - The present study analyzes the effect of the increasing the sampling effort in terms of sample unit size (SUS; 0.0225 m2, 0.0450 m2, 0.0675 m2, 0.0900 m2) and sieve mesh size (SMS; 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm) on the estimation of taxonomic diversity in a Mediterranean lagoon. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected in September 2009 at two locations, considering a perturbed and a relatively unperturbed study site of Lesina lagoon (South-East Italy). Samples were sieved on a column of three decreasing mesh sizes of sieves. Taxonomic richness (S), Shannon–Weaver index (H’), Simpson index (λ) and Taxonomic distinctness (TD) were calculated for each study site, SUS and SMS combination, and replicate. The difference between perturbed and relatively unperturbed site was tested according to the variation of sampling effort using three-way ANOVA tests. 4 - As expected, the accuracy of the results increased with increasing of SUS and SMS, the difference between perturbed and relatively unperturbed study site were always highlighted by each taxonomic diversity index, independently by used SUS and SMS. The variation of taxonomic diversity indicators seems to depend mainly by used sieve mesh size suggesting the reduction of sampling effort through the reduction of sample unit size. 5 - Finally, this contribution could be useful in harmonizing sampling methodologies for the cost-effectiveness taxonomic diversity estimation and biomonitoring programs.

The occurrence of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is documented in the surroundings of Lake Varano (Puglia region, SE Italy), testifying to the ongoing diffusion of this invasive crayfish in north-eastern Puglia, an area characterised by an extensive network of natural and artificial watercourses. In addition, the species is recorded for the first time in the Salento Peninsula, in the south-western part of the region. The hydrology of the area is dominated by karstic phenomena, and the ecological consequences of the colonization of hypogean environments by P. clarkii are discussed. These records, in conjunction with a number of recent observations made in Puglia and in other regions of southern Italy including Sicily and Sardinia, indicate that the species is far more widespread in the area than previous studies have suggested.

Although habitat size is known to influence both structural and functional properties of ecosystems, there have been few attempts to assess the influence of habitat size on ecosystem processes. Here we investigated the relationships between leaf litter decomposition and ecosystem surface area, macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical factors in five freshwater springs located in Huntingdon County (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.). Leaves of Ulmus americana L. were used to study leaf litter breakdown with the litter-bag technique. Field work was carried out at one sampling station per spring, each with eight replicates per sampling time (3, 20, 40 days), from April to May 2004. American elm leaves decomposed at different rates in the different springs, varying inversely with the spring area. The leaf bags were colonized by 16 taxa of benthic macrofauna, amongst which scrapers and shredders were the most common guild. Macroinvertebrate species richness co-varied with spring area, but not with other physico-chemical variables. Moreover, a significant inverse relationship was observed between American elm leaf decay rate and taxonomic richness. In the studied springs, habitat area was an ecosystem feature indirectly affecting detritus processing by influencing the structure of the detrital food web within the systems

The effectiveness and accuracy of biomonitoring programs, based on benthic macroinvertebrates, is strictly related to the sampling design and effort, whereas the feasibility depends on the economic sustainability of sample collection and processing methodologies. In the last decade, how to improve the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBPs) maintaining the accuracy of the results has been a topic recurrently debated among researchers. It is well know that the sample unit size (i.e., surface of the sampled area; SUS) and the sieve mesh size (SMS), selected to collect and to retain benthic macroinvertebrates from soft-bottom samples, may affect the evaluation of the aquatic ecosystem ecological status; however, studies analyzing the combined influence of SUS and SMS on assessment tools are lacking, in particular for transitional water ecosystems. Even if the Water Framework Directive (WFD) suggests rapid and cost-effectiveness sampling effort and procedures, the identification of optimal SUS and SMS is a basic step to improve the RBPs and to meet WFD suggestions. Therefore, this research analyzes the effects of four soft-bottom sample unit sizes (0.0225 m2, 0.0450 m2, 0.0675 m2, 0.0900 m2), and three sieve mesh sizes (4 mm2, 1 mm2, 0.25 mm2) on the selection of benthic macroinvertebrates and, thus, on assessment tools, in a Mediterranean lagoon. A sampling survey was performed in September 2009 at a perturbed and an unperturbed study site in the Lesina lagoon (SE Italian coastline); three replicates were taken for each SUS and SMS using an Ekman-Birge grab (15 cm x 15 cm). The samples were sieved on a column of three sieves, with decreasing mesh size. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sorted, identified, measured, weighted and included in twelve datasets (4 SUS x 3 SMS). Sampling effort (SE) was calculated for each SUS and SMS combination as: SE = [SUS m2 x (1/SMS mm2)] x 100. Four simple community descriptors (numerical density, taxonomic richness, biomass density, individual body-size) and four ecological indicators (AMBI, BENTIX, BITS, M-AMBI) were compared for each combination of SUS and SMS in both study sites. Simple community descriptors and ecological indicators varied significantly between perturbed and unperturbed study site. The results showed that SMS had significant effects on simple community descriptors and ecological indicators, except for BITS index. Conversely, no significant differences were observed for different SUS analyzing simple community descriptors and ecological indicators, except for taxonomic richness and M-AMBI index. The response of the ecological indicators was only slightly affected by the SMS, whereas SUS choice did not influence the ecological status assessment. Anyway, using the larger SMS (4 mm2), all ecological indicators showed either the same ecological quality status as the 1 mm2 and 0.25 mm2 SMS or, in some cases, one class higher, except for the AMBI index.

The movement behaviour of vagile organisms has long been acknowledged as a key determinant of species distribution and biodiversity patterns. Yet, scant information is available for aquatic invertebrates; in addition, the effects of inter-specific differences in morphology and intra-specific variations in body size have been inadequately investigated. In the present study, the movement behaviour of three crustacean species [Proasellus coxalis and Lekanesphaera hookeri (Isopoda) and Gammarus aequicauda (Amphipoda)] and two gastropod species (Ecrobia ventrosa and Bithynia leachii) dominating the macrobenthic assemblage of a Mediterranean transitional habitat (Giammatteo channel estuary, SE Italy) was analysed under resource-free laboratory conditions. The average path length and speed were determined for individuals encompassing a 16-fold range in body sizes. The scale-independent fractal dimension D was used to quantify the tortuosity of their trajectories. In general, significant differences were observed in movement metrics between crustaceans and gastropods; however, species-specific effects were obscured within each taxonomic group by a strong intra-specific variability. All crustacean species were characterized by a significant negative relationship between body size and path tortuosity; specifically, breaks in the slopes of the regression curve were observed, coinciding with sexual maturation. In contrast, negligible relationships were observed for gastropod species. The results of the study suggest that body size may represent a good predictor of movement behaviour for crustaceans but not for gastropods. Specifically, crucial steps of the biological cycle of amphipods and isopods may reflect on considerable variations in movement metrics. The metabolic and ecological implications of these findings are discussed

Intraspecific variability represents an important, yet inadequately investigated factor affecting the movement behaviour and ecology of mobile organisms. Here, the influence of sex, seasonality and body size on the movement behaviour of the brackish isopod Lekanesphaera hookeri were examined under resource-free laboratory conditions. The mean step length, total path length and average speed were determined twice during the year for adult and juvenile isopods encompassing a 10-fold range in body length. The scale-independent fractal dimension D was used to quantify the tortuosity of the movement paths. No relationships were observed between sex or season and all the movement metrics. In contrast, isopods' body size scaled negatively with the fractal dimension D of movement paths with a breakpoint at 2.6 mm, roughly corresponding to the size of morphometric maturation. No other relationships were observed between the body length of isopods and mean step length, total path length and average speed. The results indicate a sex- and season-independent ontogenetic shift in movement behaviour in L. hookeri. This suggests that in sphaeromatid isopods post-embryonic development determines not only continuous variations in size and proportions, but also a discontinuous change in the movement strategy adopted to interact with the surrounding space. Overall, these findings underscore the need to account explicitly for such changes in models predicting the spatial distribution of organisms characterised by wide intra-population size variation

This Collective Article presents information on 22 species belonging to 5 Phyla, arranged geographically from west to east. The new records were found in 8 countries as follows: Spain: first record of the two scarcely known nemerteans Baseodiscus delineatus and Notospermus geniculatus in Formentera; Malta: second record of the alien fish Lagocephalus sceleratus; Italy: the alien polychaete Syllis pectinans and the isopod Paranthura japonica, as well as the cryptogenic opisthobranch Anteaeolidiella lurana, were found in the fouling assemblages along the docks of the port of Livorno. New decapod records are reported from Sicily (the alien Callinectes sapidus and the native Pachygrapsus maurus) and Apulia (Percnon gibbesi and Procambarus clarkii); the lesser amberjack Seriola fasciata extended its geographical range to the Egadi Isands and Siganus luridus was documented for the first time along the Ionian coasts of Apulia and Calabria. Slovenia: the first record of the alien bivalve Brachidontes pharaonis is reported, together with a survey of up to date Adriatic records. Greece: the first record of the gastropod Rhinoclavis kochi is reported from Gavdos island. In addition, two records of endangered and rare cartilaginous fish were reported, namely, the shark Hexanchus griseus and the ray Leucoraja fullonica, as well as additional records of Siganus luridus for Lesvos and Malleus regula and Fulvia fragilis from Astypalaia. Turkey: the black wing flyingfish Hirundichthys rondeletii is reported for the very first time from the Black Sea. Egypt: the Indo-Pacific crab Halimede ochtodes is reported as established in Port Said. In addition, biometric parameters and meristic counts are reported for Anthias anthias in Damietta. Cyprus: the alien opisthobranch gastropod Bursatella leachii is reported for first time.

Coastal habitats worldwide are threatened by invasive alien species (IAS) that can alter community and ecosystem processes. Invasions are of particular concern for the Mediterranean Sea, and IAS-related descriptors of good ecological status have been recently proposed in European reference regulations. Here, the occurrence of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus was analysed in two Mediterranean coastal habitats, the Acquatina lagoon and Torre Colimena basin (SE Italy). The blue crab is to date recognized as an IAS; however, quantitative information on abundance patterns of the species are scant, and its functional role in European waters is virtually unexplored. Blue crabs were sampled seasonally using crab traps. Specimens were enumerated, sexed, and measured. In addition, in both habitats the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of C. sapidus were determined at its maximum seasonal abundance, and compared against those of other representatives of the benthic food web. In the Acquatina lagoon, C. sapidus was collected only in spring and summer, while other autochthonous crab species were predominantly captured in winter and autumn. In contrast, in the Torre Colimena basin the blue crab was the only captured brachyuran; it was collected during the whole sampling period, and showed summer abundances more than twice as higher than those observed in the Acquatina lagoon. In both environments, juveniles and ovigerous females were sampled, and males dominated over females. Condition factors calculated using individual widtheweight data showed that blue crabs from the Torre Colimena basin had higher condition factors compared to those from the Acquatina lagoon. Independently from the environment, Callinectes sapidus d13C values in summer were consistent with those characterizing autochthonous crabs and other representatives of the macrozoobenthos. Its d15N signature, however, varied significantly, suggesting that in the Acquatina lagoon the species may have more predatory trophic habits. Our study indicates the occurrence of established populations of Callinectes sapidus in both study sites, yet characterized by different biological characteristics and roles within the local benthic food web. The results are compared to information on blue crab populations in their native habitats, while their ecological implications are discussed in the context of the effort currently made to clarify the concomitant effects of invasions and climate change on marine ecosystems.

The native distribution of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus extends in the Western Atlantic from Nova Scotia to Uruguay, and along the US coasts the blue crab supports an important fishery. It has been introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 20th century and to date the species is recorded almost ubiquitously in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, where it is starting to penetrate the southern European shellfish market. The present review carries out a pragmatic evaluation of the management scenarios for the Atlantic blue crab in southern European waters, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea and the eastern Atlantics coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. The double-fold nature of C. sapidus as both an invasive species and a fishery resource was considered with the following objectives: 1) to provide an updated assessment of the occurrence and abundance of population stocks in view of future commercial exploitation; 2) to identify different management scenarios and examine the potential of the blue crab as a shellfish product in European markets for alimentary and non-alimentary purposes. The review is concluded by a thorough appraisal of the current trends in global and European crustacean fisheries. The opportunity of using the on-going expansion of C. sapidus and other alien portunids of Indo-Pacific origin as management case studies is emphasized, harmonizing the need to control invasive species and mitigate their ecological impacts, and the opportunity to value them as new fishery resources

Gammaridean amphipods are found throughout a diverse range of coastal and brackish environments and are generally considered macrophagous herbivores/detritivores. While predation and cannibalism have been shown to be common in freshwater species, motivating a revision of the group functional role, only qualitative information is available on marine Gammaridea. In this study, a survey was conducted of the available literature on stable C and N isotopic signatures of macrophagous, fully aquatic Gammaridea and their potential basal resources in European brackish and coastal environments. The contribution of intra- and inter-specific predation to the signatures of gammarideans was verified by a mixing model procedure where the diet-tissue enrichment constant was not set a priori. Specifically, for each study included in the survey the minimum and maximum diet-tissue nitrogen enrichment factors (D15Nmin and D15Nmax) providing a non-zero solution were calculated for a range of carbon enrichment factors, assuming that both metrics would increasingly differ from the values expected for a single trophic level as predation and/or cannibalism increased in the diet of the consumer. The minimum enrichment factors D15Nmin estimated for a D13C of _2.6& and þ0.5& were found to be independent from resource-related artefacts and provided the highest number of successful model runs. D15Nmin values were consistent with a diet based on living or decaying primary producers and not compatible with cannibalism or intra-guild predation. However, they showed a bimodal distribution and were on average far below the range found in the literature, matching the enrichment factors of gammarideans measured under laboratory conditions. These results are discussed considering the interaction of the distinctive isotopic features of basal resources in coastal habitats and the biology and ecology of gammaridean amphipods. Particular emphasis is placed on the high variability of nitrogen enrichment factors, and on their crucial role in attaining reliable results from isotopic models used for food web studies

Population structure, age, growth, mortality, and reproduction patterns of the Mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii were determined for the native population in Parila Lagoon (Neretva Estuary, Middle Adriatic, Croatia). The population size structure showed two distinct cohorts: (1) specimenswith a carapace width of 20-34mmand dominated by females and (2) large-sized specimens with a carapace width >34 mm with males significantly dominating and no females found above 46 mm. Males appeared to grow faster than females in the first and second year of the life cycle. Most of the natural mortality (70.4%) occurred during the first year of life. This indicates high predation pressure from fish and other crab species on small-sized (less than 25 mm) C. aestuarii cohorts. The peak of ovigerous female occurrence occurred in January 2015. A very small percentage of ovigerous females appeared in June 2015. The 50% ovigerous size for the population was estimated at a carapace width of 29.65 mm and weight of 10.39 g. The average fecundity was 61,017 eggs/female, with an average fecundity per gram of female wet weight of 4,804 eggs. The biological characteristics and population dynamics of C. aestuarii show that life history traits of this species (such as the smallest and average ovigerous female size, the mortality rate during the first year of life or the establishment of a second year, and a late-spring reproduction period) should be used to monitor potential changes in ecosystem properties of Mediterranean transitional waters and to manage potential fisheries

Visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VISeNIRS) is commonly used for the indirect determination of leaf litter attributes. In laboratory microcosms, we tested the technique to predict litter ergosterol content estimated by wet-chemistry analyses. VISeNIR spectra acquired by a field spectroradiometer satisfactorily predicted ergosterol in four leaf litter species incubated on a forest soil but not when they were incubated on a garden topsoil. Additionally, ergosterol predictive models implemented for litters incubated on the forest soil performed inadequately when implemented on garden topsoilincubated litters. VISeNIR spectra can be used to adequately predict ergosterol in leaf litters; however, soil type may influence litter spectral signature and its ability to reflect ergosterol content, requiring an extensive calibration for open sample populations

In the last decade, an increasing number of papers testifies a renewed interest in the topic of individual specialization in resource use and its implication at higher levels of ecological organization. We present the package R Individual Specialization (RInSp) for the free open-source statistical software r. RInSp provides a comprehensive set of classical and recently proposed indices for quantifying the degree of individual specialization using both categorical and continuous resource use data. The package also includes tools for ad hoc Monte Carlo and jackknife resampling procedures for significance testing, plotting and input/output data manipulation. The use of RInSp is demonstrated by two examples. In addition, the potential of the package to be implemented beyond its original scope for multi-level quantitative analyses of individual trait variance in natural communities is illustrated

The blue crab Callinectes sapidus, native to the western coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, has been introduced in Mediterranean waters where it is currently considered an invasive species. Here, we verified the occurrence of an established population of C. sapidus in the Torre Colimena basin, a Mediterranean habitat located in SE Italy, and provided a first assessment of its functional role in a Mediterranean coastal ecosystem. Crab traps were used to estimate the species abundance at a seasonal frequency; in addition, its trophic position was estimated in summer using nitrogen stable isotopes. Estimations were performed using both a generally adopted value of 3.4 % for the nitrogen trophic level fractionation factor D15N, and species- specific estimations obtained from the literature. C. sapidus was sampled throughout the year, reaching peak abundances in summer. This result, taken together with the observed patterns of variation in the average body size and sex ratio of captured specimens, provided evidence of a fully established population in the Torre Colimena basin. The estimated trophic position of the crab was consistent with the literature information on western Atlantic populations, and resulted, irrespective of the fractionation factor used, significantly higher than those characterizing an autochthonous brachyuran (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) and a fish predator (Sparus aurata). The present study provided novel information on the occurrence and potential functional impact of this non-indigenous species in Mediterranean coastal habitats, highlighting current knowledge lacunae and identifying future research lines on marine alien species.

In amphipods and other small-sized crustaceans, allometric relationships are conventionally analysed by fitting the standard model Y ¼a$Xb (X and Y are, e.g., body length and weight, respectively) whose scaling exponent b is assumed to be constant. However, breakpoints in allometric relationships have long been documented in large-sized crustaceans, ultimately determined by ontogenetic, abrupt variations in the value of b. Here, the existence of breakpoints in lengtheweight relationships was investigated in four amphipod (i.e., Gammarus aequicauda, Gammarus insensibilis, Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, and Dexamine spinosa) and three isopod species (i.e., Lekanesphaera hookeri, Sphaeroma serratum, and Cymodoce truncata) from three Mediterranean lagoons. The power of two candidate linear models fitted to log10- transformed data e a simple model assuming a constant exponent b and a segmented model assuming b to vary after a breakpoint - was compared using a parsimonious selection strategy based on the Akaike information criterion. The segmented model with a breakpoint provided the most accurate fitting of lengtheweight data in the majority of the species analysed; non-conclusive results were obtained only for D. spinosa and C. truncata, of which a limited number of specimens was examined. Model parameters were consistent for amphipod and isopod species collected across the three different habitats; the generality of the results was further supported by a literature search confirming that the identified breakpoints corresponded with ontogenetic discontinuities related with sexual maturation in all the species investigated. In this study, segmented regression models were revealed to provide a statistically accurate and biologically meaningful description of lengtheweight relationships of common amphipod and isopod species. The methodological limitations of the approach are considered, while the practical implications for secondary production estimates are discussed

Neuston - comprising a diverse assemblage of organisms living in the surface layer of the water column - plays a unique ecological role in marine life. Notwithstanding its importance, quantitative information on its spatial structure are still limited, in particular for the Mediterranean Sea. Here, the spatial structure of neuston assemblage of the Western Mediterranean and the Southern Adriatic Seas was analysed, with particular emphasis on the biodiversity pattern in the two study areas. A total of 59 stations were sampled in an oceanographic cruise conducted in May-June 2013. Additional analyses were performed on data on 21 stations sampled in the Southern Adriatic in March 2015 in order to confirm the generality of the patterns observed in the 2013 cruise. Geostatistical analyses indicated that in 2013 in the Southern Adriatic the variation in taxonomic richness, abundance, and ecological diversity of the neuston across stations was characterized by a significant spatial autocorrelation. Conversely, in the Western Mediterranean a negligible spatial structure was observed. In addition, the taxonomic richness and ecological diversity of the neuston resulted significantly higher in Southern Adriatic than in the Western Mediterranean. Data collected in the 2015 cruise confirmed a high taxonomic richness and diversity for the Southern Adriatic; furthermore, a significant spatial autocorrelation was observed for both parameters. The present study represents an original insight into the structure of the neuston community in the Mediterranean Sea, providing strong evidence of the spatial variability of its diversity patterns. The influence of local and large-scale processes is discussed, and the need of more extended investigations is emphasized.

The native distribution of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the western Atlantic extends from Nova Scotia to Argentina. Introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, it is currently recorded almost ubiquitously in the Mediterranean and in the Black Sea. An overview of the occurrence, abundance, and ecological impact of the species in southern European waters is provided; additionally, we present a pragmatic assessment of its management scenarios, explicitly considering the dual nature of C. sapidus as both an invasive species and a fishery resource. We emphasise that the ongoing expansion of C. sapidus in the region may represent a stimulating challenge for the identification and implementation of future strategies in the management of invasive crustaceans. The impact of the invader could be converted into an enhancement of the services delivered by southern European coastal ecosystems, while mitigation costs could be transformed into profits for local populations.

1 - Coastal marine and transitional water ecosystems are threatened world-wide by invasions of nonindigenous invertebrate species, altering community structure and ecosystem functioning. 2 - Here, we report on the occurrence of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus in transitional water ecosystems of the Apulia coastline (Salento peninsula, SE Italy). 3 - Blue crabs were sampled seasonally, every three months over a whole-year period in the Torre Colimena basin (Ionian Sea) and Acquatina lagoon (Adriatic Sea). Specimens were identified and enumerated. In addition, their hemolymph was screened for parasite infections using histological techniques. 4 - Callinectes sapidus was sampled in the Torre Colimena basin, where no other crab species were collected during the whole experimental period. In contrast, in the Acquatina Lagoon four crab species were sampled, including C. sapidus. 5 - The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp., known to determine in C. sapidus the degenerative “bitter crab syndrome” in its native habitats, was ubiquitously detected in the hemolymph of blue crabs from both habitats and in autochthonous brachyurans collected in the Acquatina Lagoon. 6 - An assessment of the diverse spectrum of potential ecological effects triggered by the Callinectes-Hematodinium interaction on autochthonous brachyuran species is presented, together with a preliminary evaluation of the molecular approaches to be implemented in order to verify the species-specificity of the host-parasite interaction.

We conducted a meta-analysis of the available literature to assess the effect of decapod crustacean macroconsumers on the processing and invertebrate colonization of leaf detritus in streams. Supplementary methodological (experimental set-up), geographical (i.e. latitude, climate) and biological (i.e. macroconsumers body size, detritus quality expressed as initial C:N ratio) data were collected, with the aim of assessing their influence on effect sizes variability. Overall, our results indicated some important effects of decapod crustacean macroconsumers on both detritus processing and colonization by invertebrates. Among the different factors examined, detritus quality and macroconsumer body size were important for predicting detritus processing and invertebrate colonization effects, respectively. This indicates that the pivotal role played by decapod crustacean macroconsumers on leaf decomposition, food webs, and wider stream ecosystem functioning, may be regulated by the interplay of both detritus chemistry and consumer's body size. The limitations and inadequacies of the analyzed literature are discussed

Coastal marine ecosystems world-wide are threatened by invasions of non-indigenous invertebrate species, altering population, community and ecosystem processes. Here, we report on the occurrence of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus in coastal habitats of the Salento peninsula (South-East of Italy). Blue crabs and other indigenous crab species were sampled monthly in Acquatina and Torre Colimena basins (Adriatic and Ionian Sea, respectively). Specimens were enumerated, and sexed. In addition, their hemolymph was collected and analyzed using histological techniques. C. sapidus occurred episodically in the Acquatina basin, whereas it was collected during the whole sampling period in the Torre Colimena basin. Immature and mature individuals of both sexes were sampled; in addition, the ubiquitous occurrence in the hemolymph of both C. sapidus and indigenous crab species of the parasite Hematodinium sp. suggested the occurrence of an established population in the basin. A preliminary evaluation of the molecular approaches to be implemented on C. sapidus and its parasites from Torre Colimena to assess the relationship with other established populations in Croatian and Albanian waters is presented. In particular, the transmission of parasites between invasive and indigenous species is generally poorly investigated, and molecular techniques may provide a rapid and effective screening methodology.

The Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus is to date widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea, where it is rec¬ognized as an Invasive Alien Species. Noticeably, while records of its occurrence are increasing, quantitative informa¬tion on its functional role in the benthic food webs of invaded coastal habitats are scarce. Here, carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures were measured in C. sapidus and other representative taxa of the benthic flora and fauna sampled in summer in the Parila Lagoon, a coastal basin located in the Neretva River estuary area (Croatia). δ15N values of individual blue crab specimens were used to calculate their trophic position (TP), using the filter feeder mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis as the isotopic baseline. In general, the isotopic signature of C. sapidus was comparable with those characterizing invertebrate and fish predators (e.g. Hexaplex trunculus, Gobius niger). An average trophic position of 3.73 was estimated for the blue crab population. However, a considerable inter-individual variation was observed in TP values, significantly related with the size of the specimens. Interestingly, a quadratic polynomial resulted the best fitting model for the data, character¬ized for small-size individuals by a positive body size-TP relationship, leveling or even turning negative for larger adult crabs. The interplay between environmental factors and ontogenetic diet shifts in determining the trophic position of the blue crab and, ultimately, its ecological impact on the benthic community of the Parila Lagoon is discussed

A computerized image analysis technique was implemented to evaluate the damage done to leaf litters by macrophagous crustaceans characterized by different feeding strategies. In addition, a foraging strategy index (FSI) was tested to provide a quantitative estimation of both inter- and intra-specific, density-dependent changes in feeding strategies. Laboratory trials were run with the isopods Idotea baltica and Lekanesphaera hookeri and the amphipod Gammarus aequicauda. The effect of their feeding activities was tested on decaying leaves of Cymodocea nodosa and Phragmites australis. In addition, tests were run using three different abundances of each species to assess the occurrence of density-dependent shifts in feeding strategies. Independently from the leaf litter type, opposite foraging strategies characterized the isopods. Idotea baltica shredded the leaf blade heavily, whereas L. hookeri scraped the leaf surface removing the epidermis. Qualitative observations corresponded to consistent variations in FSI values, with Idotea showing the lowest and Lekanesphaera the highest FSI values. Leaves consumed by G. aequicauda, conversely, were characterized by both shredding and scraping damages, corresponding to intermediate FSI values compared to those measured for the isopods. Furthermore, negligible density-dependent changes in FSI values occurred for both isopods; Gammarus, in contrast, showed a significant shift in trophic strategies, with FSI values close to that observed for Lekanesphaera at high densities and to Idotea at low densities of conspecifics, respectively. The methodology and the FSI index herein presented provided an effective, quantitative assessment of species-specific differences in the feeding strategy of three ubiquitous components of Mediterranean detritivorous epifauna, for which only qualitative, phenomenological descriptions have been to date provided

The Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus is recognized as an Invasive Alien Species in the Mediterranean Sea. However, its trophic role and feeding flexibility in invaded benthic food webs have been addressed only recently. Here, field samplings were conducted in winter and summer in five coastal systems of the Apulia region (SE Italy), three located on the Ionian Sea (Mar Piccolo, Torre Colimena, and Spunderati) and two on the Adriatic Sea (Acquatina and Alimini Grande). Captured blue crabs were weighed and had their d13C and d15N isotopic signatures measured; their trophic level (TL) was estimated using the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis as isotopic baseline. C. sapidus abundances varied greatly across systems and seasons, and in Adriatic systems the species was not collected in winter. Trophic levels showed significant spatial and temporal variations, although with no general pattern. In winter, the Mar Piccolo population showed the highest TL values; the lowest estimates were in Torre Colimena and Spunderati, where crabs showed d13C signatures significantly higher than mussels, suggesting the contribution of 13C-enriched plant material in the diet. In summer, with the exception of the Mar Piccolo, Ionian populations increased their trophic level; both Adriatic populations were characterized by the lowest TL estimates. The analysis performed at the individual scale further indicated body weight-related changes in trophic level. For the Torre Colimena population, in particular, a hump-shaped pattern was observed in both seasons. The present study highlighted a considerable spatial and temporal trophic flexibility of C. sapidus at the population scale, while at the individual scale size-related shifts in trophic level were observed. The ability of the blue crab to vary its energy sources in relation with season, local environmental conditions, and ontogenetic stage is emphasized, suggesting that it may represent a key determinant of its invasion success.

Regulation of metabolism is a common strategy used by individuals to respond to a changing environment. The mechanisms underlying the variability of metabolic rates in macroinvertebrates are of primary importance in studying benthicepelagic energy transfer in transitional water ecosystems. Lekanesphaera monodi is an isopod endemic to transitional water ecosystems that can modify its metabolic rate in response to environmental changes. Therefore it is a useful model in studying the influence of environmental factors on metabolism. This study focused on the interpopulation variability of standard metabolic rates (SMR) in L. monodi populations sampled in three transitional water ecosystems differing in their trophic status. The standard metabolic rates of L. monodi individuals across the same range of body size spectra were inferred from oxygen consumption measurements in a flow-through respirometer in the three populations and a body condition index was assessed for each population. Habitat trophic status was evaluated by monthly measurement of the basic physicalechemical parameters of the water column in the ecosystems for one year. Standard metabolic rates showed high variability, ranging from 0.27 to 10.14 J d^-1. Body size accounted for more than 38% of total variability. In terms of trophic status, individuals from the eutrophic ecosystem had significantly higher standard metabolic rates than individuals from the other ecosystems (SMR ¼ 2.3 J d^-1 in Spunderati Sud vs. 1.36 J d^-1 in Alimini and 0.69 J d^-1 in Acquatina). The body conditions index was also higher in the population from the eutrophic ecosystem. Results show that standard metabolic rates and growth rates are directly related to habitat productivity in accordance with the expectations of the food habits hypothesis. A possible extension of this hypothesis to benthic invertebrates is proposed

The blue crab Callinectes sapidus is native to the coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean, and along the US coasts the species supports an important fishery. The crab was introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. To date, the species is considered invasive and it has been extensively recorded in southern European waters (SEW), where it is starting to penetrate the shellfish market. Here, an integrated management strategy is proposed for the blue crab in SEW, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea and the eastern Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. Taking as introductory examples two case studies represented by the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus and the green crab Carcinus maenas, a framework of key issues is reviewed, considering the double nature of the species as invaders and shellfish products. A SWOT analysis is eventually presented for C. sapidus, in order to perform a state-of-the-art synthesis of the proposed scenario, highlighting the potential opportunities as well as the weaknesses related with the limited knowledge of the ecological and economic impact of the species in invaded habitats. The review is concluded by an appraisal of the current trends in global and European crustacean fisheries. The ongoing expansion of C. sapidus might represent a useful management case study, where the need to control an invasive species and mitigate its ecological impact can be harmonized with the opportunity to value it as a fishery resource.