The response of olfactory sensory neurons to TNT and RDX as well as to some volatile organic compounds present in the vapors of antipersonnel landmines has been studied both in the pig and in the rat. GC/MS analyses of different plastic components of six different kinds of landmines were performed in order to identify the components of the “perfume” of mines. Studies on rat olfactory mucosa were carried out with electro-olfactogram and calcium imaging techniques, while changes in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels following exposure to odorants and explosives were used as a criterion to evaluate the interaction of TNT and RDX with olfactory receptors in a preparation of isolated pig olfactory cilia. These studies indicate that chemical compounds associated with explosives and explosive devices can activate mammalian olfactory receptors.

The first step to perceive molecules in the air as odors is their detection by the olfactory receptors (ORs) present in the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the nasal cavity. The binding of the odorant molecule to the OR triggers a series of biochemical events that lead to the opening of ion channels, creating at first a generator potential that, if the latter reaches threshold, leads to action potential firing. New insights into olfactory transduction introduced new key players and highlighted the necessity to study OSN physiology in an OR-dependent fashion.The necessity of revisiting transduction mechanisms with consideration of the OR that an OSN expresses requires recording methods of odorant responses at single cell levels. A very effective method to do so is the Suction Pipette Technique, which allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body. This method can be used in combination with gene targeting and editing techniques to fully address important aspects of the olfactory physiology.