OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS AND RELATED SPECIES FROM DURUM WHEAT COLLECTED IN ITALY

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Abstract

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) represents one of the most economically worldwidedevasting disease of of durum wheat, causing significant reduction of grain yieldand quality. FHB of wheat is caused by a complex of species belonging mostly toFusarium genus. Many of these species can produce a wide range of mycotoxinsthat can be accumulated in wheat kernels at maturity, among which thetrichotecene, strong protein inhibitors, are the most common. Moreover, eachspecies of Fusarium involved in the FHB is provided of its own specific profile. Thespecies can vary in the different geographical areas because they can beinfluenced from the changing environmental conditions. One-hundred-foursamples of durum wheat were collected in Italy in 2013 and 2014 and analyzed forthe occurrence of trichothecenes by Ultra-Performance LiquidChromatography/Photodiode-Array Detector and zearalenone (ZEA) by highperformanceliquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The Fusariumspecies isolated from the kernels were first identified based on their morphologicalfeatures and therefore confirmed by sequencing calmodulin and elongationfactor 1? genes. The Fusarium mycotoxin detection varied in 2013 compared to2014 and also according with geographical areas. Deoxynivalenol (DON) wasdetected at a relevant levels only in the samples collected in Central andNorthern Italy, with higher concentrations and incidence in 2014 compared 2013.On the other hand, the T-2 and HT-2 toxins and ZEA occurred at higher levels insamples collected in Southern Italy than in Central Italy and Northern Italy, and in2014 the level of contamination was higher than in 2013. These latter data are alsoreason of the highest concern since 18 out of 20 wheat samples in both 2013 and2014 (range, 100-335 and 155-486 ppb, respectively) were over the recommendedlimits suggested by the European Union for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in thewheat kernels. The mycotoxin contamination that occurred in the kernels was alsoreflected in the spectrum of Fusarium species isolated and identified. Fusariumgraminearum sensu stricto was the most occurring species when the DONoccurred at high levels and F. langsethiae was the species isolated frequentlywhen T-2 and HT-2 toxins were detected. These data showed that a real mycotoxinrisk related to Fusarium mycotoxins does exist along the whole Italy, but they varyaccording with the geographical areas and year of sampling.

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  • Somma S.; Haidukowski M.; Ghionna V.; Pastoressa A.; Cimmarusti T.;Susca A.; Logrieco A.F.; Moretti A.

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2015

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